CHAPTER OUTLINE:

A. Faulty Dating Methods, Ignorance, and Foolish Suggestions.

1. Radiometric Dating.

a. Organic Substance Dating. (Carbon  14).

b. Inorganic Substance Dating.

2. Circular Reasoning.

3. Light Shifted to the “Red Side.”

4. Stars Millions of Light Years Away.

5. Stalactites and Stalagmites.

6. Moth Population Color Shift.

B. Fossils and the Geologic Column.

1. What is the Geologic Column?

(Evolution’s Imaginary Geological Time Chart.)

2. How Did Rock Layers Form and What is a Fossil? 

3. What Does the Geological Evidence Show?

a. Bible is True & Evolution is False.

(1) Age of the Layers.

(2) Time of Dinosaurs, Mammals & Man.

(3) Evolution of Species & Time.

b. The World Wide Flood Was a Reality.

(1) The Ark was Big Enough.

(2) Earth Before the Flood.

(3) Evidence of the Flood.

(4) Arrangement of Fossils.

C. “Missing Links”   A Chain of Lies.

1. The Problems with Paleontology.

2. Supposed Links Between Apes and Man.

(a.   k. & Scopes Monkey Trial.)

3. Supposed Links Between Other Species.

(a.   e.)

D. Desperate Maneuvers on the Part of the Evolutionists.

1. Molecular Taxonomy / Chromosome Banding.

2. Punctuated Equilibrium / Hopeful Monsters.

3. Punctuated Equilibrium & Molecular Taxonomy.

THE FANTASY OF THE EVOLUTION EVIDENCE AND MORE PROOF OF THE BIBLES’ TRUTH.

So, there is a lot of scientific evidence which clearly contradicts the Theory of Evolution, but isn’t there also a lot of it which agrees?  The answer to this question is, “Absolutely not!”  Truth never contradicts truth, and true science never contradicts true science!  What does exist is a plethora of false information which has been produced by the proponents of Evolution.  In this section, you are going to learn of the many errors, deceptions, lies, and cover ups which have taken place continually within the Evolutionist’s Camp.  (It takes a lot of work to make utter foolishness sound believable.)

A. FAULTY DATING METHODS, IGNORANCE & FOOLISH SUGGESTIONS

1 – RADIOMETRIC DATING

1-a. Organic Substance Dating: C 14 Radiocarbon Dating

Evolutionists claim they can use this dating method to determine how long ago a plant or an animal died, thus revealing how long ago it lived.  The analysis is made by measuring the amount of Carbon 14 (C 14) radiation presently in an organism and then determining the speed at which this radiation is being depleted (the “rate of decay”).  (This is analogous to finding a barrel of liquid which has a small hole in the bottom through which the liquid is escaping.  The amount of liquid currently in the barrel is measured, as is the amount of liquid which leaks out each minute.  Having these two measurements in hand, Evolutionists would lead us to believe that they can determine how long the hole has been in the barrel.). 

So what is this Carbon 14 radiation (the liquid in the barrel analogy)?  Carbon 14 radiation is actually radioactive atoms.  These atoms are produced as cosmic rays strike the earth’s atmosphere.  These C 14 atoms–once produced–mix with oxygen atoms to form radioactive carbon dioxide.  This radioactive carbon dioxide then spreads throughout the earth’s atmosphere and is absorbed by plants as they “breathe in” carbon dioxide.  Animals then pick up this radiation as they eat the plants which have absorbed it.  At the point of death, neither a plant nor an animal normally receives any more of this radiation, and all that had previously been received continues to decay.  (Radioactive material is always decaying.)  At this point, it is said that their “radiocarbon clocks have begun to tick.”  (In our barrel analogy, we can say that at the point of death, the lid is put on the top of the barrel so that no more liquid is added, and that which is inside continues to leak out through the hole.)   

This dating method, however, is not nearly as useful or trustworthy as Evolutionists would have us believe.  It suffers from six different problems.  (1st) The amount of C 14 radiation forming in the earth’s atmosphere may vary and not all species of plants accept it.  Different plants, different times, and the likes and dislikes of different animals could each have an extremely large effect on the test results.  Evolutionists, therefore, do not know how much radiation was present in a species at the point of death (how much liquid was in the barrel when the lid was put on).  (2nd) It is not known if the decay rate in the organism has remained constant over time.  (They do not know if the leak was ever restricted or if the hole has changed in size.)   (3rd) The C 14 decay rate fluctuates during testing, thus, all results are questionable.  (The liquid does not leak out of the barrel in a consistent manner during testing.)  (4th) C 14 has a relatively short “life” (period of decay) and using this dating method on organisms thought to be more than 5,000 years old is useless.  (After 5,000 years, any barrel should be empty.  Attempting to measure a leak after 5,000 years or evaluating an occasional residual drip is useless.)  (5th) C 14 dating does not work on thoroughly mineralized fossils.  (If the barrel has totally decayed, this test is useless.)  (6th) Before the world-wide flood (in the days of Noah), there was a protective vapor canopy around the earth (as there is today around Jupiter, Venus, and Saturn).  Scientists believe that this canopy would have kept C-14 radiation from forming in the earth’s atmosphere. 

And God said, “Let there be an expanse between the waters to separate water from water.”  So God made the expanse and separated the water under the expanse from the water above it.  And it was so.  God called the expanse “sky.”  And there was evening, and there was morning—the second day.  And God said, “Let the water under the sky be gathered to one place, and let dry ground appear.”  And it was so.  God called the dry ground “land,” and the gathered waters he called “seas.” Genesis 1:6 10 

Organisms, therefore, which had lived before the flood, including all of those that died in it (which is where most of the fossils around the world come from) would have very little, if any, of this radiation. (The lid may have never been off the barrel for the liquid to be poured in.)  This would not only explain why some fossils have so little C 14 radiation (and why Evolutionists say they are millions of years old) but may help explain how people were able to live to such great ages before the flood.  C 14 radiation speeds up the aging process; being shielded from it would slow it down.  

Altogether, Adam lived 930 years, and then he died. Genesis 5:5 

Here are a few examples of the faulty results which have been obtained using Carbon 14 dating. A thirty-year-old seal carcass was tested and showed to be 4,600 years old.  A fresh seal carcass showed to be 1300 years old.  A living clam showed to be 3,000 years old. Living mollusks showed to be 2,300 years old.

1-b.    Inorganic Substance Dating: Potassium-Argon Dating, Uranium-Lead Dating, Rubidium-Strontium Dating, etc.

Evolutionists claim they can use these dating methods to determine the age of certain items which were never alive–inorganic substances such as rocks and minerals.  Just as in Carbon 14 Dating, they seek to find out how much of a particular radioactive element is currently in a substance (the amount of radioactive potassium 40 in a rock for instance) and the rate at which that element is decaying.  In this case, the radioactive element is not disappearing (like liquid leaking from a barrel); it is changing into a different substance (like a barrel of raw honey hardening into sugar).  In the above example, when radioactive potassium 40 decays, it changes into Argon 40 gas, thus the name “Potassium-Argon Dating.”  In this case, Argon is referred to as the “daughter element” of potassium.  (In our barrel analogy, sugar would be the “daughter element” of raw honey.)  

Evolutionists (again in great error) claim that by measuring the amount of both the mother and daughter elements in a substance and the speed at which the transition from one to the other is occurring, they can determine the age of the rock or mineral in which it lies.  (If we have a barrel of raw honey which is now half sugar, and it takes six months for raw honey in the laboratory to turn halfway into sugar, an Evolutionist would tell us that our barrel is now six months old.) 

The problem here is that these dating methods suffer from many of the same problems as Carbon 14 Dating.  (1st)  We do not know how much of the daughter element was present to begin with.  Evolutionists will usually assume there was none or that it can somehow be accurately estimated.  (The honey could have been turning to sugar before it was ever put in the barrel.)  (2nd)  We cannot measure outside influences which may have affected the rate of decay.  (Something such as temperature may have affected the speed at which the honey has hardened.)  (3rd) Simple things such as groundwater movement can carry radioactive materials into or out of rocks through leaching.  (Fresh or crystalized honey could have been added after the barrel was initially filled.)  (4th) We do not know if decay rates have remained constant over time.  (We do not know if the honey has been hardening at a constant rate.)

Here are a few examples of faulty results which have been obtained using these inorganic dating methods.  Different radiometric dating methods used on the same geologic stratum often give different ages, sometimes by hundreds of millions of years.  Two-hundred year old rocks (rocks formed from lava which flowed and hardened two-hundred years ago) showed to be up to 10 ½ billion years old.  Basalt rock at the top of the Grand Canyon shows to be 270 million years older than basalt rock at the bottom of the Grand Canyon.   (How did the older rock layers end up on top?)  In many instances, the ages of fossils (as determined by the Carbon 14 dating method) differ enormously from the ages of the rocks in which the fossils have been found (as determined by these inorganic dating methods).

2 – CIRCULAR-REASONING 

Let’s say that while exploring an archaeological site, you have the pleasure of unearthing the tooth of a dinosaur.  With great excitement, you take it to the natural science museum to find out what kind of dinosaur it came from.  The museum curator directs you to the office of a man named Larry, one of two scientists who work at the museum.  After inspecting the tooth, Larry tells you that the tooth belonged to a Tyrannosaurus Rex.  He also tells you it is 190 million years old.  You ask him, “Larry, how do you know it is 190 million years old?”  He tells you that the Tyrannosaurus Rex is commonly found in what Evolutionists call the “Jurassic” level of the geologic column.  He tells you this “Jurassic” level was laid down 190 million years ago and, therefore, any life forms found in it must logically be 190 million years old.  You ask him, “Larry, how do you know this so-called ‘Jurassic’ level was laid down 190 million years ago?”  He then directs you to the office of the other scientist who works at the museum, a man named Curly.   

After introducing yourself to Curly, you ask him, “How do you know that the so-called ‘Jurassic’ level of the geologic column was laid down 190 million years ago?”  He tells you that Tyrannosaurus Rex fossils are often found in this particular level of the column.  He tells you the Tyrannosaurus Rex lived 190 million years ago, therefore, the layer where its fossils are found must logically be 190 million years old.  You ask him, “Curly, how do you know the Tyrannosaurus Rex lived 190 million years ago?”  He then directs you to the office of the other scientist who works at the museum, the man named Larry. ***  This faulty method of verification is called “circular-reasoning” and does, of course, prove nothing.  (A’s proof is B, yet B’s proof is A.)  Unfortunately, this line of reasoning is used on a regular basis to verify the dates which are assigned to the various rock layers and the fossils they contain.  (When a fossil is used to “verify” the age of a particular layer of the geologic column, it is called an “index fossil.”) 

{Comedy break} 

One of the “index fossils” which Evolutionists previously used to “prove”that certain layers of the geologic column were 70 million (or more) years old, was a fish called a “Coelacanth.”  This fish, according to Evolution, had been extinct for at least 70 million years.  Whenever a fossil was found, this supposedly proved that the rock layer in which it was found was at least 70 million years old.  The use of this fish as an “index fossil” was discontinued, however, when Evolutionists discovered that fishermen had been catching them.

3 – LIGHT SHIFTED TO THE “RED SIDE”

Remember, according to the Big Bang Theory, the universe began as the result of a giant accidental explosion: the “Big Bang.”  This theory suggests that a long, long time ago, there existed an object, creatively referred to as the “Primordial Atom.”  This object (which can neither be explained nor verified) is suggested to have contained all the matter and energy of the universe.  One day (for some unknown reason) this object decided to blow up.  As a result of this (unverifiable) explosion (and by some unknown means), all the stars were supposedly formed.  Later, as the result of the (unexplained and unverifiable) explosions of some of these stars (and by other unknown means), all the planets were supposedly formed.  (Later, according to Organic Evolution, life somehow began and the rest is, well — more imagination.)  

Now, what evidence has been found in support of this amazingly comprehensive theory?  What apparently magnificent discovery has been made that enables the Evolutionists to understand this most wondrous chain of theoretical events?  The answer: When we look out at the distant galaxies, most of the light appears red; it is shifted to the “red side.”  That’s it!  That’s the greatest piece of evidence offered in support of the imagined Big Bang.   

So what is this red shift, what does Evolution say that it means, and what does it really mean?  The light coming in from a distant star would appear different (it would have a different “shift”) if the star were standing still (relative to our position), moving toward us at a very high rate of speed, or moving away from us at a very high rate of speed.  The frequency and wavelength would be different as they struck the earth.  (This could be compared to a person throwing rocks at a target, one rock each second, each one thrown identically.  There is going to be a different effect upon the target, depending upon whether the person is standing still, running toward the target, or running away from it.)  A shift in color toward the red side (also known as the “long” side) can mean that the object being viewed is moving away from us at a very high rate of speed.  A shift toward the blue (or the “short” side) can mean that the object being viewed is moving toward us at a very high rate of speed.  (Astronomers would refer to this as the “Doppler effect.”)  Evolutionists, noting that most of the objects in the universe have a red shift, claim this is evidence which shows that the universe is expanding out from a single point.  All of the objects are supposedly moving away from the point where the theoretical “Big Bang” occurred–from the point where the so-called “Primordial Atom” supposedly sat.   

There are, however, not only other explanations for a red shift, but also evidence which shows that one of these other factors must be the cause.  (1) First of all, the simple fact that there are some galaxies with a blue shift is a major problem to this supposed “Big Bang” expansion.  If the universe were truly expanding outward from an original “point” and the red shift was the evidence, then all the galaxies would show a red shift in a predictable pattern.  The galaxies closest to us (those on the same side of the supposed explosion as our own Milky Way galaxy) would be basically motionless relative to our position, as we would be moving together away from the “point of explosion.”  They would show little or no red shift at all.  The galaxies on the opposite side of the “point of explosion” would show the reddest shift as we would be moving away from each other the fastest.  All the other galaxies would fit smoothly into a predictable pattern of degrees of red based upon their angle of movement away from us.  There would be no galaxies with a blue shift.  (2) Another problem facing this ‘red shift means movement’ theory is the fact that there are some individual objects in the universe which have light shifted to the red side in varying degrees (i.e., they appear—at this very moment—to be moving away from us at more than one speed).  (This is analogous to the right side of a car driving away from us at forty miles per hour, while the left side drives away at sixty.)  (3) This same problem also exists in regard to certain “galaxy pairs.”  There are some galaxies which are positioned very close to each other, some of which are even connected by a “bridge of luminous matter,” which also have light with different red shifts.  (This would be like two cars chained together, moving away from us at two different speeds, one driving at forty miles per hour and the other at sixty.)  (4) A forth problem is that the universe is not at all uniform, as would be the case in an unhindered explosion.  There are star clusters–like the Milky Way–in some areas and vast empty spaces in others. (Evolutionists have now invented a new theory to explain these vast empty spaces.  They suggest matter is there; it just can’t be seen.  They call this imaginary substance “dark matter.”)   

In regard to other causes of a red shift, scientists have verified one factor and suspect several others.  The known factor, which was originally predicted by Albert Einstein, is gravity, which can cause light waves to stretch out and, thus, redden. The suspected causes are the rotational movement of the universe (a circular movement of the galaxies as opposed to an outward movement), photon decay (a phenomenon also known as “tired light”), floating particles of matter in intergalactic space, and the fact that light has a natural tendency to shift to the red side.

4 – STARS MILLIONS OF LIGHT-YEARS AWAY

If the universe has only been in existence for about six thousand years (stars included), then how can we see the light of a star which is a million light-years away?  In other words, if there is a star at such a distance from the earth that it takes a million years for its light to travel this far, then doesn’t this mean the light which we now see had to have begun its trip a million years ago?  Doesn’t this mean that the star must be at least a million years old?  The answer to this question is “No!”  And in order to understand why, we need to consider the answer to a different question: “Which came first, the chicken or the egg?”  You see, the answer to how this chicken-to-egg-to-chicken cycle began tells us something about the beginning of the entire universe.  When God brought it into existence, it was already mature.  The first chicken began as a chicken.  It was not a fertilized cell which had to grow into a fetus while developing a protective egg shell which then had to hatch and grow up. Nor was Adam ever a fertilized egg cell, swimming around with the biological beginnings of the rest of the life on earth.  (Nor did he have a navel.)  This “created maturity” was not only the way God made living things, it was, in all probability, the way He made everything else in the universe.  We do know for sure that He either created the stars in a mature state (with the light already here) or caused the light to move at such a speed as to arrive shortly after their creation.  

Actually, a higher light speed “in the beginning” may not have required extra intervention by God.  There is a book titled “Star Light and Time,” by Astro-Physicist Dr. Russell Humphreys, which reportedly explains this star-light and distance puzzle.  Dr. Humphreys has reportedly taken assumptions about the universe which can be made from the Bible, as opposed to the popular ones taken from the Theory of Evolution, and he has applied them to some of Albert Einstein’s calculations.  According to the results, Adam evidently could have been viewing the stars created on day four by the end of day six, without extra supernatural intervention.

There may also be another answer to this puzzle.  There is evidence for (as well as against) the belief that the speed of light is not constant, that it is actually decreasing over time.  If it is decreasing, this is undoubtedly related to the Second Law of Thermodynamics.

5 – STALACTITES AND STALAGMITES

Stalactites are the icicle shaped mineral deposits (most often calcium carbonate) seen hanging from the roofs of various caves.  A stalactite forms when water–filtering through rocks and earth, then into a cave–picks up minerals.  As the water drips to the floor, it leaves some of these minerals hanging from the roof.  Over an extended period of time, as this filtering and cohesion process continues, these mineral deposits grow longer and longer and result in these rock-hard icicle shapes.  Some of the minerals which drip to the ground in the water pile up, forming the standing inverted icicle shapes known as stalagmites.  Some Evolutionists claim this process takes millions of years to occur and, therefore, these caves and the earth are millions of years old.  A fact commonly ignored in Evolutionist’s circles, however, is that there are many good-size stalactites which have formed under man-made structures around the world: bridges, shopping centers, schools, universities, etc.  There are three-foot long stalactites under the Lincoln Memorial, which was built between 1915 and 1922.

6 – MOTH POPULATION COLOR SHIFT

During the last half of the 19^th century, evolutionists in England reported a change in the population of a species of moth: The population’s minority became the majority.  This species, scientifically classified as “Biston Betularia,” is commonly referred to as the “Peppered Moth.”  Originally, according to the reports, the vast majority of these moths had been a speckled light grey color, while the remaining minority were black.  Over a 47 year period, however, the population shifted and the black moths grew to be the majority–reportedly achieving 98%  Evolutionists excitedly claimed that this population color shift was “Evolution in process” and was undeniable proof of their theory.  In reality, as you will see from the events which took place (which are herein described), this change lends absolutely no support to the Theory of Evolution.    

Peppered Moths often rest on the trunks and branches of trees.  Not surprisingly, they are a common snack for birds.  In 1848, there were almost no factories in England and very little air pollution.  With the coming of the industrial revolution, however, this all changed.  They soon had plenty of both.  In addition to affecting the air, the pollution also had a significant effect on the trees.  It killed “lichens,” a tiny plant which grew on the bark of most of them.  These lichens gave the bark a very light appearance similar to that of the light grey moths.  As these lichens died, the tree bark began to take on a much darker appearance.  As a result, the light grey moths–which formerly blended in with the trees–began to stand out.  They began to be eaten more often by the birds.  The darker ones–which formerly stood out–became harder to see.  They were eaten less often.  Over time, with fewer grey moths to reproduce and more black ones, the population shifted.  Later, as a result of England decreasing its pollution, the trees started gaining back their lighter appearance and the moth population began shifting back in the opposite direction.

The point in this story which the evolutionists ignore is the fact that these two colors are natural (i.e. they were already present) in this moth species and a population shift from one to the other requires no changes in the DNA.  This is natural selection, but has nothing to do with mutation–with an altering of the species.  This shift is no different than breeding pets to enhance a particular characteristic.  If we begin breeding only dark colored cats, removing any with light colored fur, will we ultimately end up with a new species of animal, or simply a darker population of cats?

B.  FOSSILS AND THE GEOLOGIC COLUMN

1 – WHAT IS THE GEOLOGIC COLUMN? 

Imagine that you have just been handed the most incredibly delicious serving of lasagna.  (Readers may substitute baklava or a chocolate covered ten-layer cake with amaretto, if your taste buds run more in that direction.)  You gently set the plate before you and, almost without thinking, begin counting each marvelously created layer.  Now, with fork in hand, you carefully begin taking it apart one layer at a time, thinking of nothing other than the time, ingredients, and processes which went into making it.  (Well, probably not, but for our example you do.)  You closely examine each layer, carefully noting their individual characteristics, the elements they contain, and the order in which they were laid. 

Now, imagine that this most delectable little treat has grown to be the size of a house and has turned into layers of grass, dirt, and rock.  (Sorry, we had to come back to the subject.)  Imagine that you are now standing before a house-size section of earth which has somehow been cut out of the ground and lifted up so as to be viewed from the side.  The top layer is grass, which is growing out of the second layer which is dirt, and down below this are several layers of rock.  It is these layers of rock–stacked on top of each other in a pile (or a “column”)–which are referred to as the “geologic column.”  Inside these layers of rock are often found the fossil remains of life forms which died and were buried as these layers formed.    

Now, if we were actually to go out and begin digging holes around the world, we really would find rock layers in many places.  It is what the Theory of Evolution says about them, however, that keeps us within the realm of imagination.  According to this theory, these rock layers were laid down at various times over billions of years and supposedly contain the fossil remains of life forms which are said to have been evolving upward throughout this period.  More specifically, this theory suggests that the bottom layer of this column formed around 4 ½ billion years ago and contains the fossil remains of the very first life form on earth (something called “blue green algae”).  The next layer is suggested to have formed approximately 2 ½ billion years ago and supposedly contains the fossil remains of what this original life form had evolved into (some kind of bacteria and/or other multi-cellular life).  This imaginary time pattern is then continued on up to the top layer, which is said to have formed about 10,000 years ago and supposedly contains the fossil remains of the most recent and highly evolved life forms to be preserved in the fossil record. 

I have included, on the next page, somewhat of a brief rendering of this imaginary “geological time chart” as proposed by the Theory of Evolution.  What is most important to observe is that Evolution claims there were at least 2 million years which elapsed between the formation of any two of these layers.  It actually claims that the top two layers formed approximately 2 million years apart and the rest were separated by even greater lengths of time.  You should also note it proposes that the dinosaurs died out approximately 140 million years before modern man ever came on the scene.  This, of course, like every other aspect of the Theory of Evolution, is utterly ridiculous.  As you are about to see, these rock layers did not form over a period of billions of years, but rather, much closer to the time that it takes to make lasagna.  Most of the layers around the world are the result of the world-wide flood which God sent in the days of Noah as a judgment upon sin. (Not surprisingly, various Evolutionist’s geological time charts often disagree with each other in many areas.) 

The Theory of Evolution’s Imaginary Geological Time Chart
Layer’s claimed age.	Layer’s creative title	Theorized Features and Events of Layers & Ages
10 T	Recent	Modern Humans (Including Handsome Princes)
2 M	Pleistocene	Wide Spread Ice-Age, Ape-Men
10 M	Pliocene	Mountains Form, Mammals Get Larger, Ape-Men
25 M	Miocene	Grasslands, Mammals, Apes, Whales
40 M	Oligocene	Mammals, Sabertooth Tigers
55 M	Eocene	Modern Birds, Giant Birds, Mammals
65 M	Paleocene	Age of Mammals Begins, Primates
140 M	Cretaceous	Insects, Flowers, Last Dinosaurs
190 M	Jurassic	Dinosaurs, Birds, Mammals, Reptiles
230 M	Triassic	Reptile Age, Dinosaurs
280 M	Permian	Forests, Mass Marine Extinction
310 M	Pennsylvanian	Swamps, Coal Forests, First Reptiles
345 M	Missippian	Fern Forests, Amphibian Age (Including Frogs)
405 M	Devonian	Fish Age, Amphibians, Land Animals
425 M	Silurian	Shell Fish, First Land Plants, Fungi
500 M	Ordovician	Primitive Fish, Seaweed, Fungi
570 M	Cambrian	First Marine Invertebrates, Shellfish
2.5 B	Proterozoic	Bacteria, Algae, Multi-cellular Life
4.5 B	Archeozoic	Earth’s Crust Solidifies, First Life

T=Thousands of years ago,    M=Millions of years ago,    B=Billions of years ago.

2 – HOW DID THESE ROCK LAYERS FORM AND WHAT IS A FOSSIL?

The first thing we need to do in considering the geological evidence is to understand how these rock layers formed and how life forms came to be trapped inside.  How did plants, animals, and people get stuck inside of rocks?  These layers of rock actually began as layers of sediment (sand, mud, etc.) which had been deposited by water.  As water moves rapidly across an area of land, it will stir up dirt and sand and carry it along with it.  As it slows down or stops, the dirt and sand, being heavier than the water, will settle to the bottom forming one or more layers.  Subsequently, if more water comes in, it will bring in more sediment, thereby depositing one or more additional layers on top of the one (s) already laid.  Any larger objects which happen to get swept along with this water and also sink to the bottom can become buried within these layers of sediment.  After a relatively short period of time, this sediment–if it contains the necessary clay and limestone–will coalesce into solid rock, permanently encasing any totally covered objects inside.  Any of these objects which happen to be of an organic nature (plants, animals, or the unrepentant people whom God judged with the world-wide flood) will gradually decay, and their bodies will be replaced by the minerals which surround them.  Ultimately, the objects themselves will cease to exist, but their exact shapes will be maintained by the minerals which replace them.  This is the definition of a fossil.  This is generally what geologists find today in their excavations, although some of the larger dinosaur fossils which have been found are actually still part bone.   

3 – WHAT DOES THE GEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE SHOW?

Having considered the processes which have resulted in these rock layers being formed and the shapes of these plants, animals, and unrepentant people being preserved, let’s now take a look at the geological findings around the world to see what they actually show.  This information is being provided in two sections.  In the first, you will learn of the geological evidence which clearly supports the claims of the Bible and clearly contradicts the claims of the Theory of Evolution.  In the second, you will see an even greater list of evidence showing the reality of the world-wide flood. 

3-a.   The Geological Evidence Shows That The Bible is True and The Theory of Evolution Is False.

This information is being presented in three steps.  First, a claim of the Theory of Evolution is stated.  Second, what the Bible says regarding the same subject is stated.  Third, the geological evidence found pertaining to this subject is described.

Claim # 1  The age of the layers. 

Evolution  =  There were at least 2 million years which elapsed between the formation of any two layers of the geologic column. 

Bible  =  The earth is approximately 6,000 years old, and there was a world-wide flood which would have resulted in a wide spread and rapid depositing of these sedimentary layers. [Genesis 6-8]  

Fact  =  Experiments in a laboratory have shown that various silts tend to settle in like layers (red sand in one layer, white in another, mud in another, etc,) when circulated together in water-filled flumes.  This means that many of these layers may have been created by the same rush of water. 

Fact  =  There are fossils of organic organisms which extend up through two or more layers of the geologic column.  (These are called “poly-straight” fossils.)  A classic example is a fossil of a particular plant (called a Lapittidendrum) which was found extending up through two of these layers.  These particular two layers are so widespread, they are found on three separate continents.  If a plant or animal is only partially buried by a layer of sediment, then a second layer must come soon after and cover the rest of it in order for the whole thing to become fossilized.  If it does not, then the upper section–the portion extending out of the first layer of sediment–will be eaten or decay away.  It is impossible for a portion of a plant or animal to survive for 2 million years exposed to nature while waiting for the next layer of sediment to finish covering it.  Poly-straight fossils cannot be created unless multiple layers are formed in a short period of time. 

Fact  =  The layers of the geologic column are random, as would be expected after a world-wide flood.  Less than 20% of the entire earth’s land surface has even 30% of these so-called “geologic ages” in the right consecutive order as required by Evolution.

Fact  =  The layers of the geologic column are flat on top and bottom; there are no water channels which have been cut through the upper most parts.  If each of these layers had actually had its turn at being the surface of the ground, and each had therefore been exposed to the rain for 2 million or more years, then the water running across their surfaces–headed to the nearest creek–would have cut channels (or grooves) into them.

Fact  =  The movement of water in the ocean can cover an extremely large area with sediment in a very short period of time.  Scientists have observed areas as vast as 100,000 square miles being covered at speeds of up to 60 miles per hour.  These oceanic forces are known as “Turbidity Currents.” 

Claim # 2  The time of dinosaurs, mammals, and man.

Evolution  =   The last dinosaurs died out approximately 75 million years before the first mammals and approximately 140 million years before modern man.  The great cats (Saber-toothed Tigers) died out approximately 40 million years before modern man. 

Bible  = God created all land animals–including the great cats and dinosaurs–on the same day He created people. [Genesis 1:24-31] The Bible also speaks of encounters between dinosaurs and people. [Job 40:15 24, 41:1 34].   

Fact = Some of the larger dinosaur fossils which have been found are still part bone.  They have not undergone complete fossilization.  Because fossilization occurs in a relatively short period of time, these dinosaurs could not have died more than ten thousand years ago.  Some of the DNA is still “readable” and DNA can not “survive” for more than ten thousand years.  Chicken bones and wood have been known to fossilize in only five to ten years.  Many items have been found fossilized as the result of a volcanic eruption in New Zealand in 1886.  These included a bowling hat, sandwiches, and a bag of flour. In 1986, a scientist was issued a U.S. patent for making petrified wood.  Scientists have been able to fossilize shrimp in only four to six weeks. Fact = There have been excavated from one layer of the geological column at Glen Rose, Texas, the following items: fifty-seven “fully” human footprints and a human finger (claimed by Evolution to have been in existence for only the last 3½ million years); seven footprints of giant cats, which would have stood six feet tall at the shoulder (claimed by Evolution to have lived about 40 million years ago); a dinosaur known as “Acrocanthasaurus,” along with different kinds of dinosaur footprints (the last dinosaurs claimed by Evolution to have died out over 100 million years ago); a plant called “Lapittidendrum” (claimed by Evolution to have been in existence approximately 250 million years ago); and an animal known as a Trilobite (claimed by Evolution to have been in existence approximately 550 million years ago).  Again, all of these fossils were excavated from the same layer of the geologic column; thus, they all lived at the same time.

Fact = An octagon shaped iron hammer with a fossilized wooden handle was excavated from the same layer of the geologic column where dinosaur footprints and remains have been found.  This hammer was well designed and forged by a process that science is unable to duplicate today.  It is almost pure iron with a very small amount of chlorine and sulfur.  (Scientists today cannot compound iron with chlorine.)

Fact = There are written historical accounts of people, including Alexander the Great and Saint George, encountering giant reptiles which we would most likely classify as dinosaurs. Some of these accounts come from the Welsh,  the early Britons (who were the ancestors of the Welsh), the Saxons, Danes, Vikings, and others around the world. (The telling of the encounter of Saint George has been greatly altered at times to include much fantasy.) 

Fact = There are ancient cave paintings of dinosaurs, mammoths, etc. indicating that the people who painted them were probably familiar with these creatures.

Fact = The “Thunderbird,” made famous by the Sioux Indians of North America was based upon the sighting of an enormous winged reptile.

Fact = There are legends from around the world of encounters between people and creatures matching the descriptions of dinosaurs.  Legends almost always have some base in reality.  These legends come from Egypt, France, China, Scandinavia, Ireland, India, Babylon, etc.

Fact = There have been reports for many years about sightings of enormous aquatic animals resembling the “dinosaur” paleontologists have named the “Plesiosaur.”  These have come from around the world and include the famous Loch Ness Monster, whose sightings are recorded as far back as 565 A.D.  Loch Ness Lake is an extremely deep lake which connects to the ocean. 

Fact = In the Ndoki (en-DOE-key) region of the Northern Congo in Africa, there are 7½ million acres of dense jungle and treacherous swamp into which the natives of this area seldom venture. Some of these natives report that this is the home of an animal they call “Mokele Mbembe.”  They describe it as being brownish-gray, smooth skinned, much larger than an elephant, with a very long tail as powerful as a crocodile’s. [19C] [26] [46B] [47A] The natives of Gabon (which neighbors the Congo) report the same kind of animal.  They call it “n’yamala”.  According to Omni Magazine, when these natives were shown a picture of a “Brontosaurus” type dinosaur thought to resemble Mokele Mbembe, they identified it as n’yamala.

Fun Facts = Would you believe there are insects and fish which produce light (the lightning bug / fire fly, the hatchet fish, and the bristlemouth)?  Would you believe there are sea creatures which can generate enough electricity to kill (the electric eel, electric ray, electric catfish, etc.)?  Would you believe there is an insect which can produce a 212 degree F. (100 degree C.) exploding chemical mixture which it fires at predators — with an audible “pop” (the bombardier beetle)?  Would you believe that the legends from ancient China about fire-breathing reptiles are not totally legend (leviathan)? 

Claim # 3  Evolution of species and time.

Evolution  =  Life forms have been evolving upward into other life forms for billions of years:  Invertebrates evolved into vertebrates, fish into amphibians, amphibians into reptiles, reptiles into birds and mammals, and ape-like mammals into humans.  The layers of the geologic column were laid down at various times over these billions of years and contain the fossil remains of the life forms which were living at these various times. 

Bible  = God created everything in six literal 24-hour days, and He created humans as well as every kind of plant and animal as a totally unique and individual species.  No species ever evolved from a different species. [Genesis 1:11,21,25,26 & Genesis 2:1,2,7,19] 

Fact = If  Evolution’s claims were true, then geologists should have found hundreds of thousands of in-between species fossils by now (i.e., salamander/fish or lizard/birds) and the museums should be packed full of them.  The reality is, there has not been a single one found.  Of the millions of fossils on display at museums around the world, there is not a genuine example of an invertebrate changing into a vertebrate, a fish changing into an amphibian, an amphibian changing into a reptile, or a reptile changing into a bird or mammal.  All the pictures which have been drawn and the models which have been created of supposed in between species have been based upon error, fraud, speculation, and/or imagination, and this includes all of the supposed ape-men.  (All of Evolution’s so-called fossil evidence is discussed in detail in the next section.)   

Fact = Fossils of all the various life forms have been found within the same sedimentary layers as their supposed evolutionary ancestors.  In other words, the fossils of 100% birds have been found in the same sedimentary layer as the fossils of 100% reptiles the species from which they have supposedly evolved.  This shows that the two species were always living at the same time (as they still are) and one could not, therefore, have evolved from the other.  This is the case for all the species.  Evolutionists will ignore a thousand fossils which contradict their theory while applying enormous amounts of time and effort  promoting one which can be misinterpreted to fit their desired conclusions. 

Fact = “Fully” human fossils have been found in all levels of the geologic column.  Some which were found in layers supposedly too old for human evolution to have even begun include the Calavaras skull, the Castenedolo skeletons, and Reck’s skeleton.  

Fact = Human artifacts have been found in all layers of the geologic column.  A few which were found in layers supposedly millions of years older than humans include: a metallic vase, a screw, nails, and a coin.

3-b.  The Geological Evidence Shows That The World-Wide Flood Described In The Bible Was A Reality.

The Bible tells us that several thousand years ago God judged the entire sinful world with a global flood.  It tells us that He caused water to burst up from the ground and rain to come down from the sky for forty days.  It says the water rose 20 feet above the highest mountains, killing almost every living creature that moved on the land or flew in the air.  It also tells us that many years before this event, God told a man named Noah to build an enormous boat (called an ark).  It says that by using this boat, he, his family, and males and females of every land and flying creature survived the flood, and were the only ones that did.  If this is true (which it is!) then there should be an abundant amount of evidence left behind by such an earth-shattering event (which there is!) In order to more easily and adequately explain all of this evidence, I have included below some additional information on this event.  Through it and the forthcoming list of evidence, you are going to see that the world-wide flood not only happened, it is the cause of much of the earth’s present geological conditions.  [The flood is described in Genesis chapters 6 through 8.] 

Reality # 1  =  The ark was big enough. 

The ark was the size of a giant cargo ship and could have carried approximately 40 million pounds.  It was 450 feet long, 75 feet wide, and 45 feet high, with three inner decks.  This gave 135,000 square feet of floor space (450 feet x 75 feet x 4 levels) less ramps and/or steps. Its cubic capacity has been compared to that of 170 railroad box cars. 

There were a total of eight people on the ark: Noah and his wife, their three sons, and their wives. 

There are less than 21,000 different types of land and flying animals classified today.  There are approximately 6,500 reptiles, 9,700 birds and 4,500 mammals. (Notice that there are no in-between species.)  Many of these are the same “kinds” as referenced in the Bible (i.e. Indian and African elephants).  There were, therefore, far less than 21,000 “kinds” on the ark.  Scientists estimate that there were probably around 5,000.

All breeds of dogs came from an original “kind”; thus, there only had to be two dogs on the ark.  Most breeds have been bred in only the last 300 years.

Evolutionists deceptively refer to these variations within a “kind” of animal (i.e. different dog breeds) as “Micro-Evolution,” in an effort to get people to believe in the imaginary changing of one species into another, which they call “Macro-Evolution.”  As any animal breeder can tell you (or the scientists who have been breeding variations of fruit flies for the last 40 years) no changes of species ever occur.  Sheep never bear anything but sheep, and dogs never bear anything but dogs.   

Our all-knowing Creator put into the various “kinds” of animals the genetic ability to adapt to their environment (i.e. polar bears and brown bears), because He knew what the world was going to be like after the fall and flood (i.e. environmental extremes).  

There are an insignificant number of “kinds” which have become extinct.  (Claims to the contrary are lies!)  Most fossils are of life forms still living today.

Some reptiles swim (crocodiles, water snakes, water turtles, etc.) thus, they did not have to be on the ark. 

Logic tells us that God would have sent very young (i.e. very small) animals onto the ark.  Very few land or flying animals are as large as a man’s hand when born.  Of the 6,500 species of reptiles and 9,700 species of birds, the absolute largest one at birth is the ostrich, whose egg is less than six inches in diameter.  Of the 4,500 species of mammals, very few get larger than a good-size house cat.  Dinosaurs also started out very small, as you will shortly see. (The largest one came out of a six inch egg).

The Encyclopedia (under the subject of “animals”) shows less than 75 land or flying creatures (non-domestic birds, reptiles, or mammals) which grow larger than a good size house cat. [23F]  There are more than this, but not a great number more. 

God caused the animals to go to the ark.  Noah did not have to round them up.

God fed 5,000 people with five loaves of bread and two fish, and gave the nation of Israel water out of a rock. He could have done the same here. 

Reality # 2  =  The earth was very different before the flood.  Part of the following information is theory, but it fits the evidence and agrees with the Bible, (two supports which the Theory of Evolution lacks.)  

Before the flood there was a protective vapor canopy around the earth which came down as 40 days of rain.  (Jupiter, Venus and Saturn also have cloud canopies around them.)

Before this, the earth had never experienced rain; it had been watered by underground springs.  People had, therefore, never seen a rainbow.

This vapor canopy would have blocked out most of the sun’s harmful radiation as well as protected the earth’s magnetic field from decay, two factors which greatly affect the speed of the aging process.  With this protection in place, life forms were able to live much longer before the flood.  (Noah lived to be 950 years old and had 120 years to build the ark.) 

This vapor canopy also caused a “greenhouse-effect” around the earth which kept it universally warm.  The poles were not very cold and the equator was not very hot.  There are many species of warm weather plants and animals which have been found (frozen) at or near the poles: palm, redwood, and fruit trees, and wooly mammoths (which scientists believe were warm weather animals).  When the canopy collapsed and the sky filled with smoke from volcanic activity (as the “springs of the great deep burst forth”) [Genesis 7:11], it dropped the temperature of the earth to such a degree that scientists refer to this time as an “Ice Age.”

Some reptiles continue to grow in size throughout most of their lives, and the extremely long life expectancy before the flood explains the size of some of the dinosaurs.  Even though dinosaurs started out small, they had ample time to grow to be the giants that paleontologists have found.  According to one source (which is in support of Evolution), the largest dinosaur eggs were only about 10 inches in length. Sauropods–the largest dinosaurs found in the fossil record–came out of eggs which were from five to six inches in diameter. These were the enormous four-legged dinosaurs, with the long necks and the long tails (like the one pictured on the cover of this book).  This group included the Brachiosaurus, Supersaurus, Ultrasaurus, etc., which in reality were all the same “kind” of dinosaur. For a reptilian comparison, consider that sea turtles lay up to 200 eggs at one time. Assuming this mass of turtle eggs could be one-fourth the size of the mother (which is probably not possible), one egg would be 1/800^th  the size of the mother (1/4 divided by 200). A six-inch egg laid by a dinosaur 800 times the size of the egg would give us a dinosaur 400 feet long.  According to National Geographic Magazine, thousands of sauropod eggs/egg shells were found in an area less that one square mile (in Patagonia, Argentina), and evidence shows these embryos may have perished in a flood.

Beavers also continue to grow in size throughout most of their lives. The remains of a twelve foot tall beaver have been found in the fossil record.

The remains of only about 350 different “species” of dinosaurs have been found, representing approximately 50 different “kinds.”  These 50 kinds (all being small when young) would also have fit easily into the ark. (Evolutionists will claim that 10 sizes of the same dinosaur are 10 different species, and the same dinosaur found on three continents will be given three different names.)  

Example: One book on dinosaurs shows the same silhouettes of various dinosaurs reproduced in multiple sizes, with a different name for each size.  The author, no doubt, went to great extent to collect this information, but discovered that the similarities between the various “finds” were so close that he could use the same picture for many “different” dinosaurs.  The book shows fifteen different dinosaur silhouettes which have been reproduced (with occasional slight modifications) ten or more times each.  One was reproduced 19 times.  In other words, this book shows there have been far more than 150 different names given to no more than fifteen different kinds of dinosaurs.

One of the problems here (which can result in a single kind of dinosaur receiving many different names) is that a paleontologist who “discovers” a new species of dinosaur gets to name the species.  He also experiences an increase in fame and job security.  While it is certainly possible that many paleontologists have been unaware of previous discoveries of the same species of dinosaur they found and named, supersaurus-size egos are probably also a factor.  

Example: An article which appeared in the Dallas Morning News reported the discovery of  “a new species of dinosaur.”  According to the article, “This new species looks like a smaller version of Triceratops.”  

{Comedy break}  If Evolutionary paleontologists really believe that dinosaurs bore offspring which were the same size as the adults, I’ve got a new theory on their extinction. 

The atmospheric pressure also changed with the collapse of the canopy, and scientists believe the new lower pressure aided in the extinction of the dinosaurs.  Many of the dinosaurs found in the fossil record could not have existed in today’s atmosphere.  Their chest capacity shows their lungs would have been too small in relationship to the rest of their bodies to provide them with enough oxygen.

Bible scholars also believe the lower pressure caused Noah to get drunk on an amount of wine which before the flood would not have affected him.  (The Bible tells us about this event but does not say God condemned it as a sin.)

There was an enormous amount of volcanic activity associated with the flood, as “the springs of the great deep burst forth.” These volcanic eruptions combined with the destructive force of the flood waters wreaked havoc on the surface of the earth.  They created mountains, cut canyons, moved and deposited an immeasurable amount of sediment, and utterly changed the entire face of the earth. (If the ocean bottom was raised and the mountains were lowered—if the earth’s surface was smooth like a ball—the water on the surface of the earth would be two miles deep.)

These powerful forces created the Grand Canyon in Arizona (and far greater canyons which are under the ocean) and brought up iridium from the earth’s interior.  Iridium is found buried within the sedimentary layers.  Evolutionists suggest that the Grand Canyon was eroded by the Colorado River over millions of years (but they have no explanation for the greater canyons under the ocean).  Some of them also theorize that the iridium came from meteorites which struck the earth millions of years ago (killing all the dinosaurs).

Reality # 3  = Evidence of the flood is all over the earth.  The following is a very limited list of this evidence. (No one could possibly list it all.)  As you read through it, you will see that there is no other plausible explanation for all that has been found.  

All present mountains are covered with massive flood-laid layers of sedimentary rock.

There are literally billions of fossils of air-breathing animals around the world buried in sedimentary layers deposited by water.  In some places there are literally thousands of these jumbled together in massive heaps.

There are sea-life fossils on every mountain range around the world.

There are layers of sediment which are so widespread as to be found on three different continents, with plant and animal fossils extending up through two or more of these layers.

The same sedimentary layers are found high in some places and low in others.  For example, there is one particular layer of sediment on a cliff near the top of the Grand Canyon (which stands 800 feet above the surrounding floor) which is also found  approximately 500 feet lower.  This means that the water which deposited this sediment was at least 500 feet deep and possibly more than 800.

Coal is carbonized plant material.  It is found underground (i.e. covered by layers of sedimentary rock).  It is plant material which was originally covered by mud, sand, etc., deposited by water.  Coal deposits are found on every continent. In the United States, most of the coal deposits are the remains of the bark of trees. Several of these deposits cover areas larger than the state of Illinois.  There is only one plausible explanation for these massive amounts of plant material being covered by water-deposited sediment: a world-wide flood.  This same thing has happened to trees which were blown into Spirit Lake in Washington by the volcanic eruption of Mt. Saint Helens in 1980.

Coal forms quite rapidly.  It does not take millions of years as Evolutionists would have us believe.  It, as well as oil, has been produced in the laboratory in a very short period of time.  There is no evidence that it is currently forming in any swamp or bog either, which is what Evolutionists suggest occurred in the past.

The following items have been excavated from coal deposits: a gold chain, a spoon, a thimble, an iron pot, and a bell.

Coal deposits are always associated with huge masses of marine fossils (i.e. sea life buried with tree bark).

Some of the fossilized trees in “petrified forests” are found buried at various angles within the sedimentary layers; some are even upside-down.  In addition, some of them overlap each other in depth (i.e. the top of the tree below is level with the middle of the tree above).  Most of the ones in Yellowstone National Park are missing their largest roots as well as most of their bark and smaller branches.  Almost all of the ones which were buried prostrate are lying in the same direction, indicating that the same force (i.e. flood wave, mud slide, or  volcanic eruption) knocked them down.  These various positions, angles, and missing parts indicate that most of these trees had been ripped out of the ground (breaking off the roots), were jumbled around in water (knocking off the bark and smaller branches), and were buried at the same time (the overlapping of the trees above and below).  These and other identical things happened to trees which were blasted into Spirit Lake in Washington by the volcanic eruption of Mt. Saint Helens in 1980.  The growth rings in the trees above also match the growth rings in the trees below, indicating they were from the same forest and had experienced the same seasons.  Evolutionists claim that the different levels of trees were different forests which grew at different times over millions of years.  

Lava (melted rock flowing up from volcanoes or volcanic vents in the earth) surfaced at some time in the past under water high up on many mountains around the world.  When lava surfaces under water, it hardens differently than when cooled by exposure to the air and is called “pillow lava.”  One place pillow lava can be seen is 1,700 feet up on Mt. Ararat in Turkey.  This shows that water once covered all of these mountains.

There are over 270 mentions of the world-wide flood in ancient writings and legends, including Persian, Babylonian, Assyrian, ancient Egyptian, Chinese, Sanskrit, Aztec and Incan.

There is a point near the mountains of Ararat which is the geographical center of the earth.  It is the point at which the distance to all other land areas on earth added together is the smallest.  This area around Turkey, where Noah and his family would have settled after the flood, is also considered the “cradle of civilization.” It is accepted as being the beginning point for all of present “civilization.”

Reality # 4 = The arrangement of the fossils within the geologic column is also evidence of the world-wide flood.  The life forms were buried as we would expect: in a general logical sequence with many random exceptions.  

In the bottom layers there are mostly sea life fossils.  These life forms were already in the water and had a high specific density.  (God gave aquatic animals a higher density than land animals.  They must be able to live under water without having to struggle to stay submerged and must be able to withstand the water pressure.). This combination of location and density would have resulted in their being buried first.  They would have died from oxygen deprivation because of the mud in the flood waters as well as from the volcanic activity.  

In the layers above these, amphibian fossils are generally found.  Amphibians are medium density life forms which also live in or around the water and instinctively run to it in times of danger.  This combination of density, location, and being acclimated to the water would have resulted in their being buried next.  The medium density of an amphibian enables it to move around on the land as well as to swim under water without struggling to stay submerged. 

In the layers above these, reptile fossils–including dinosaurs–are generally found.  Many reptiles are also comfortable around water and few (if any) are smart enough to head for higher ground in the event of a flood.  (They are a lot like Evolutionists: they see judgment coming, but they fail to seek salvation which is from above). 

Nearer the top, the fossils of birds and mammals are commonly found.  These animals (which have a low specific density) would have been most frightened of being overcome by water and would have instinctively gone to higher ground.  

At the top of the column are the relatively few human fossils which have been found.  During the flood, people would have survived the longest.  They would have gone to the highest ground, climbed into trees or on structures which they had made, gotten into boats, built rafts, or clung to whatever they could find floating in the water.  This and a person’s low specific density means that most of them would have sunk after most of the sediment had been deposited.  Most of their bodies, therefore, would have decayed (which happens rather quickly under water) rather than become fossilized.

C “MISSING LINKS” – A CHAIN OF LIES

If all the geological evidence, as well as everything else in life, disproves Evolution, then what about the various “missing link” fossils which Evolutionists claim they have found?  The answer is very simple: WRONG!  You can’t find a fossil of something which didn’t exist!  What you can do, however, is find fossils, mix fossils, incorrectly identify fossils, incorrectly fill in missing parts of fossils, and, if you’re really desperate, you can even tamper with or lie about the existence of fossils.  All of these situations have occurred, most of them more than once, in the creation of these so called “missing links.”

1.  THE PROBLEMS WITH PALEONTOLOGY

Before addressing the various “missing link” claims on an individual basis, I would like to call your attention to the overall problems associated with paleontology, especially as they apply to the Evolutionist’s Camp.  First, when scientists study fossils, there are only certain things they can deduce.  For example, from the bones of a Tyrannosaurus Rex, they can tell how tall it was, guess at its weight, and estimate its general shape and size–disallowing any boneless appendages such as the humps on a camel.  They cannot, however, tell its skin color or texture, describe its behavior, or know for sure what it ate.  The Tyrannosaurus Rex may have been an easily frightened plant eater (the roots of its’ teeth possibly being too short to be a meat eater) with the colorful stripes of a coral snake.  We know for sure that the Tyrannosaurus was a vegetarian before Adam sinned (as there was no death before this) and would have been subject to and fearful of humans later.  

Second, there is often the problem of damaged, crushed, incomplete, and/or mixed-up fossils.  Often times fossils are found buried with other fossils in large jumbled heaps rather than in any kind of distinct orderly manner (a result of the flood).  Not surprisingly, this has resulted in mistakes.  One, which will mean more to the older readers, was the “Brontosaurus.”  This “species of dinosaur” never existed.  In 1879, a paleontologist named Othniel Marsh attached the fossil skull of one dinosaur to the fossil skeleton of another.  He inadvertently gave this non existent species a life of its own and a place of prominence in all dinosaur literature–which it held for approximately 100 years.  It was accepted by the media, then by the public, and ultimately became as well known in recent times as any real dinosaur which had ever lived.

Third, and most significantly, there is the problem of extreme bias.  A true Evolutionist has decided to live as if there is no God, thus he will fight against the very idea of creation.  To admit the universe has been created requires admitting that there is a Creator.  To admit there is a Creator requires admitting that there is Someone over us.  (Here lies the problem).  A wise Creationist, on the other hand, has a personal relationship with the Creator and is equally biased in the opposite direction. 

In regard to the Evolutionists’ camp, this combination of limited knowledge, damaged, incomplete, and mixed-up fossils, and extreme bias has not only resulted in a continual misinterpretation of the actual data, it has resulted in the creation of a significant amount of imaginary evidence.  Like the brontosaurus, many species have been created “in the public eye” which never existed.

Before we begin exploring these various “missing link” claims, there is one more thing which needs to be understood: The Evolutionary paleontologists have not fostered this deception on their own.  It takes more than a paleontologist to “create a species” in the mind of the public.  It also takes the work of an Evolutionary artist and requires an eagerly receptive and unquestioning scientific community and media.  What has traditionally happened regarding the supposed links between apes and humans is this: 

Some fossilized bones are found and an Evolutionist excitedly proclaims they are the remains of a “missing link.”  At this point, it is usually determined what facts and information will be given to the public and what will be withheld.  Next, an Evolutionary artist is hired to “create the rest of the story.”  In the case of a supposed link between apes and humans, the artist is told to make his rendering of the species more “ape like” if the fossil is believed to be extremely old, or more “human like” if it is believed to be more recent.  The external features–eyes, ears, nose, lips, and hair–are the characteristics “designed” to give it the more ape like or more human like appearance.  They are free to do this because these features are not present on skeletons, consequently no one knows how they looked.  The appearance of the species, therefore, is almost entirely dependent upon the artist’s ability to create what the paleontologist desires.  Next, the Evolutionist gives it a very scientific-sounding name, and then the rest of the Evolutionist community joyfully celebrates the “find.”  Finally, the media takes the news and the associated pictures and broadcasts it to the world. 

Unfortunately, after enough of these claims had been made, other Evolutionary artists have gone on to create the multitude of charts, pictures, and models which we have all seen depicting each and every step of this imaginary evolutionary progress.

2. SUPPOSED LINKS BETWEEN APES AND MAN.

2-a.  Nebraska Man (Hesperopithicus Haroldcooki) 

An entire “missing link” was created as the result of the excavation of a single tooth.  Upon later excavations it was discovered that the tooth had actually come from an extinct pig.  The University of Nebraska had an entire model of Nebraska Man on display until this was discovered.

2-b.  Piltdown Man (Eaonthropus Dawsoni)   

A “missing link” was created as the result of a human skull being adjusted to fit an orangutan’s jaw.  The teeth were also filed to suit the Evolutionist’s desires.  Both human and orangutan were recently dead: They had been stained to cause them to appear ancient.  The hoax was discovered by the British Museum after 35 years on display.

***  The Scopes Monkey Trial:  Nebraska Man and Piltdown Man were two pieces of “evidence” used in the Scopes Monkey Trial (the trial of John Thomas Scopes in 1925).  This trial challenged the law which prohibited the teaching of the Theory of Evolution in the state of Tennessee.  The nation’s media and the trial lawyers used this “evidence” to make Christians appear foolish because they believed the Biblical account of creation.  This particular bit of propaganda has been perpetuated down through the years in the movie and the play called “Inherit the Wind.”  In this movie/play, the Christians associated with this event are not only portrayed as if they had been foolish, they are characterized as if they had been extremely unkind (another lie).

2-c.  Java Man (Pithacamthrapus Erectus)  

This “missing link” was created when the skull cap of a giant gibbon (ape) and a human leg bone were excavated and said to be part of the same “ape-man.”  There were also three teeth included in this mix–one human and two orangutan.  The discoverer–Eugene Du Bois–knew this was nonsense because the skull cap and leg bone were excavated 46 feet away from each other.  These “finds” were also separated by a period of approximately one year.  In addition to all this, Du Bois hid the fact that he had found two clearly human skulls at the same depth as this supposed evolutionary link, during this same excavation.  This proved that humans were living at the same time as this so-called “Java Man;” therefore, it could not have been their evolutionary ancestor. (When the two human skulls were ultimately released, they were named the “Wajak” skulls.)

2-d.  Peking Man (One named “Nellie,” Classified as Sinanthropus Pekinensis in 1927 and Homo Erectus in 1940). 

This “missing link” was created as the result of widely scattered skull fragments–which were actually from monkeys–being put together with the aid of lots of filler.  An artist was then used to model the face of an “evolving woman.”  The body was all imagination.   In addition to the fact that none of this was made known to the public, the following information was also withheld.  In this same excavation site, there was evidence of limestone mining, fires being built, and humans evidently eating the brains of these monkeys.  There were skulls only, with no bodies, and each of the skulls had been broken into in a similar fashion–evidently to allow the brains to be removed.  In other words, Nellie was the remains of a miner’s lunch. It’s also important to note that all of the supposed evidence for Peking Man mysteriously disappeared between 1941 and 1945, and that one of the people who was involved in this so called “find” was also involved in the Piltdown Man hoax–a man named Teilhard De Chardin. All that remains are “casts” of unproven accuracy and two teeth.  

2-e.  Lucy (Australopithecus) 

This “missing link” was created when the fossil remains of one species of ape were put with the knee joint of another species.  The knee joint was found more than one mile away and approximately 200 feet deeper than the rest of the remains.  Evolutionists claimed this was an “upright ape” (an ape-like creature which had evolved to the point where it walked on two legs like a man) because of the hip and knee joint.  In addition to the excavation locations disproving this claim, a computer analysis also showed that these parts could not have come from a creature able to walk upright.  The measurements of the jaws and teeth indicate the skull was simply that of an extinct ape.  (In the rain forest there is a pigmy chimp which walks upright, but it’s still a chimp.)

2-f.  Cro-Magnon Man

This “missing link” was created from remains which are no different than those of people living today.  The remains show an equal physique and brain capacity to the people you will see in the grocery store today.

2-g.  Neanderthal Man  

Neanderthal Man was simply a human being with a slightly larger brain capacity than is normal today.  He was said to have been a “missing link” because he was evidently unable to stand up straight.  Science, however, has shown he was simply an old man who suffered from arthritis.  Remains of several more of these people have since been found in the Neanderthal valley in Germany, and the bones of three of them revealed that they were stooped over.  Scientists have examined these remains and determined that they suffered from rickets, arthritis, syphilis, or some type of vitamin D deficiency.  Evidence also shows that these people sewed, cooked on fires (sometimes using stone plates), put flowers on the graves of the deceased, and had a form of writing.

2-h.  Ramapithecus 

This “missing link” was created from a single jaw and some teeth.  Scientists have now found approximately 40 more of these creatures; they are very closely related to the orangutan.

2-i.  Homo Habilis 

This was simply an ape (another australopithecine) similar to an orangutan or small chimpanzee.

2-j.  Boxgrove Man 

This “missing link” was created (mostly by the media) from a single piece of a shin bone.  Newspapers in England reported that Boxgrove Man was an intermediate link between apes and humans who was not evolved enough to speak.  They also reported that he was too primitive to wear clothes or to use tools, spears, bows and arrows, or fire.

2-k.  Atheidemic Evolva Limitus (Atheistic Scientist)  

This species, found living at various times throughout history, was originally thought to have been an evolutionary link between ape and man.  This belief was based upon the fact that it has a physique identical to that of “modern man,” combined with a severely limited mental capacity.  This mental limitation is evidenced by their denial of the existence of God and their belief that they are distantly related to oatmeal.  Further studies, however, have concluded that this species is fully human.  Its mental limitations are simply the result of refusing to show any fear or reverence to the Creator of the universe.  

3. SUPPOSED LINKS BETWEEN OTHER SPECIES.  

Almost all of the supposed in between species fossils Evolutionists claim to have found are of ape-like creatures which were supposedly in the process of evolving into humans.  There are, however, a few others (and I emphasize “a few”) which need to be addressed.  Remember again, if the Theory of Evolution were true, there would not be just a few links found, there would be hundreds of thousands of them.

3-a.  Archaeopteryx 

This is an extinct bird found only in the fossil record.  It was claimed to have been an evolutionary link between reptiles and birds because it had claws on its wings and teeth in its beak.  Neither of these characteristics, however, supports Evolution, as there are birds living today which have claws on their wings (the ostrich, touraco, and hoatzin), and there are some reptiles which have teeth (the rattlesnake) and some which don’t (most lizards).  If Evolution were true, notice also the problem which would exist in regard to the evolutionary relationship between the rattlesnake and the lizard.  The legs of the lizard would indicate that it had evolved upward from the snake, yet the snake’s teeth would indicate that it had evolved upward from the lizard.  Another unanswerable question in regard to the archaeopteryx, is if this species were evolving from reptile to bird, how had its wings, feathers, bones, muscles for flight, etc. completely evolved into bird while its claws and teeth had remained totally reptilian?  (It was most likely a very strong flyer as it had an extremely robust furcula–the bone where the muscles attach for the power stroke in flight.)  Finally, a bit of information conveniently ignored in Evolutionist circles is the fact that the fossils of “fully developed” birds have been found in sedimentary levels below the one in which the Archaeopteryx was found. 

3-b.  The Dawn Horse (Hyracotherium) 

This was the fossil of an animal with several toes, said to have been a small evolutionary ancestor of the horse.  Later research determined, however, that it was simply the fossil of a rock badger (also known as a “coney”).  Note, even if this claim had not been disproved, there would still be other problems with it:  (1) A small horse would not prove the Evolution theory as there are both large horses (Clydesdales and Belgians) and  miniature horses today.  (2) Some Shire horses have been known to have more than one toe per foot.  (3) All of the supposed evolutionary ancestors of the horse are found in the same geological formations, confirming they all lived at the same time.

3-c.  The Downy Dinosaur 

A dinosaur fossil with long parallel arrays of fibers about its skin was discovered in China.  Scientists believe these arrays were simply frayed collagen fibers beneath the skin.  Evolutionists claimed that these fibers were the traces of feathers (although they had no branching patterns as all feathers do) and this species was, therefore, an evolutionary link between reptiles and birds. [15A] [19A] [19F]  Evolutionists have yet to explain how skin could evolve feathers, or how heavy dinosaur bones could evolve into the bones of flying birds, which are hollow, structural engineering masterpieces making them light enough to fly.

3-d.  Whales with Legs 

Another claim by Evolutionists is that the whale–a mammal which lives in the ocean and breathes air–evolved from a land animal with legs.  There is much disagreement over what this ancestral animal was.  Some Evolutionists claim it was some kind of cow; others say it was some kind of wolf; still others say it was some kind of bear.  In seeking to support this ridiculous absurdity, Evolutionists have fabricated the following evidence: ** Pakicetus = the fossilized jaw and portions of the skull of an unidentified animal were found and Evolutionists claimed that it was a “walking whale.”  (There were no body parts found.) ** Basilosaurus = the fossilized skeleton of an aquatic animal–with functional hind limbs–was found and subsequently claimed to be an evolutionary link from land animal to whale.  Its hind limbs, however, were far too small to have had anything to do with walking. They were most likely used for grasping during mating. ** Ambulocetus = the fossil of an unidentified animal was found–which definitely had hind limbs–and was claimed to be an evolutionary link between land animal and whale.  While this animal was most likely able to walk, it had no relation to whales. 

3-e.  Other in-between species  (Evolution by artists’ selection) 

There have been many artists’ renderings of imaginary links between different species of organisms which are based entirely upon what Evolutionists say “should have existed” (i,e., they do not even have the support of misinterpreted physical evidence).  A few examples are: (1) dinosaurs turning into giraffes or ostriches, (2) various stages of the imaginary evolution of the horse (from the so-called “Dawn Horse” discussed previously),” and (3) various stages of the imaginary evolution of the elephant.  Evolutionary artists have apparently decided that the elephant looks similar to a tapir and have, thus, “created” (by pen and ink) intermediate stages between the two. 

Be forewarned, now that the majority of this country is utterly rebelling against God, the amount of so-called “evidence” offered in support of Evolution will probably increase greatly.  Evolutionists seem to be growing less and less concerned about making bold capricious claims regarding this “evidence.”  It seems that much of the “scientific” community has ceased questioning its own members. 

D. DESPERATE MANEUVERS ON THE PART OF THE EVOLUTIONISTS

From the above information, you can see why “missing links” are called “missing:” They don’t exist!  Faced with this complete lack of evidence, Evolutionists have found themselves in a rather precarious situation.  In desperation, they have pulled a couple of interesting maneuvers worthy of mention.  (Darwin might be surprised by these maneuvers as he once said: “Those who believe that the geological record is in any degree complete, will undoubtedly at once reject my theory.”) 

1. Molecular Taxonomy / Chromosome Banding 

Desperate maneuver number one is something called “Molecular Taxonomy,” or “Chromosome Banding.”  Because some of the blood proteins in humans and chimpanzees are similar, Evolutionists claim this is evidence proving we evolved from the same creature.  (There are also many differences which they conveniently ignore.)  Chromosome numbers, however, which should be related to Evolution if anything is, show absolutely no evidence of it.  If Evolution was true, then the chromosome numbers should line up in the same order as the evolution of the species.  In other words, if a species changed from fish to amphibian to reptile to mammal to human, the chromosome numbers would show it. They do not!

*** Here are the chromosome numbers for a few different species of life-forms:

Fruit Fly -8

Tasmanian Devil & Aloe Vera – 14

Starfish, Red Panda, Earthworm – 36

European Rabbit, Moon Jellyfish, Dolphin, Coffee – 44

Human, Shrimp (Parhyale hawaienesis) – 46

Apes, Tobacco – 48

Zebrafish, Skunk, Pineapple – 50

Silkworm, Strawberry, Elephant – 56

2.  Punctuated Equilibrium / Hopeful Monsters

Desperate maneuver number two is yet another theory which explains why Evolution Theory doesn’t explain the evidence — why there have been no evolutionary links found in the fossil record when there should have been hundreds of thousands of them.  In this case, the theory has been given the very scientific sounding name “Punctuated Equilibrium.”  This theory suggests that Evolution happened too fast to have been captured in the fossil record.  It suggests that at various times in the past, through various extreme genetic accidents, life forms reproduced completely different species.  In other words, a reptile gave birth to a chicken. These theoretical “new species organisms” are sometimes referred to as “hopeful monsters.”

3.  Punctuated Equilibrium combined with Molecular Taxonomy

I will admit that if the Theory of Punctuated Equilibrium was true, if these “hopeful monsters” had actually existed, then the chromosome numbers above might not be a problem. It is important to note, however, that if this is the case, then humans are closely related to shrimp, and both of us came from tobacco.

Chromosome Numbers

Tobacco – 48

Human – 46

Shrimp (Parhyale hawaienesis) – 46